---

The recent events in Bangladesh that may be dubbed as Dhaka Fall 2.0 have sparked comparisons with the historic Dhaka Fall of 1971, a pivotal moment in the subcontinent's history. While these comparisons are inevitable, it is essential to view them through a lens that recognises the complexities and nuances of both eras. The idea that the Two-Nation Theory, on which Pakistan was founded, failed in 1971 is a contested narrative – one that requires a balanced understanding of historical and contemporary events.

In 1971, Dhaka became the centre of a significant political and social upheaval within Pakistan. The people of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, rose against what they perceived as West Pakistan's unfair governance, demanding greater autonomy and recognition of their regional identity. The central government, led by West Pakistan, faced a complex situation, where it had to balance national unity with regional aspirations. Operation Searchlight, the military intervention initiated by West Pakistan, was aimed at restoring order in what was seen as a rebellious province. While the operation led to widespread resistance and eventually the independence of Bangladesh, it is crucial to understand that the actions of West Pakistan were driven by a desire to preserve the unity and integrity of the country formed under the Two-Nation Theory.

The events of 1971 have often been portrayed as a struggle for self-determination against an oppressive regime. However, this narrative oversimplifies the situation, ignoring the geopolitical pressures and internal challenges that West Pakistan faced. The division of Pakistan was not merely a failure of governance but also a consequence of external influences and internal dissent that complicated the Two-Nation Theory's implementation. The Two-Nation Theory, which argued that Muslims in the Indian subcontinent needed a separate state to protect their cultural and religious identity, remains valid in the context of Pakistan's creation. The separation of Bangladesh was more about regional discontent than a rejection of the theory itself.

Fast forward to 2024, and Dhaka finds itself again at the heart of political unrest. The protests, which have led to the toppling of Sheikh Hasina's government, were sparked by opposition to a quota system that reserved 30 per cent of government jobs for the relatives of veterans from the 1971 War of Independence. While this policy was initially intended to honour those who fought for the country's freedom, it has been criticised over time for creating inequality, particularly among the youth. The Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, which emerged in response, reflects the spirit of resistance that characterised 1971, but under vastly different circumstances.

In 2024, the discontent stems from perceived internal injustices rather than a struggle for national identity. The students leading the protests are motivated by a desire for equality and fairness in opportunities, challenging a system they believe perpetuates old divisions. The tragic death of Abu Sayed, a student protester, has become a symbol of this movement, much like the martyrs of 1971. However, the context is different: this is not a fight against external domination but a push for internal reform within an already independent nation.

The political upheaval in 2024, which led to the resignation of Sheikh Hasina's government, mirrors the chaos of 1971 in some respects but diverges in its core issues. Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, stepping in as the head of an interim government, has invoked the courage of individuals like Sayed, encouraging the people to continue their fight for justice. Yet, unlike 1971, where the struggle was for national liberation, today's movement is about correcting perceived wrongs within an established state.

Furthermore, the resignation of the Chief Justice and the deployment of the army to manage protests underscore the deep instability that can emerge when internal tensions remain unresolved. This reflects the ongoing struggle of a nation, even decades after gaining independence, to fully establish and solidify its identity and governance structures.

The writer is a Professor of Physics at the University of Karachi.

This article was originally published on The Tribune Express.
Views in this article are author’s own and do not necessarily reflect CGS policy.